I am going to share some most and very important glossary that will must give you understand the basics of electronics and electrical theories. That is very confusing while reading books or in your classroom if you are little weak student so let's being.
Alternating Current: An electric current that rises to maximum in one direction and fails back to zero and then rises to a maximum in the opposite direction and then repeats.
AC Coupling: Circuit that passes an only AC signal and blocking a DC voltage.
AC/DC Equipment: That equipment will operate on either an AC or DC power source.
AC Generator: Device used to convert mechanical energy into AC electrical power.
AC Load Line: A graph representing all possible combinations of AC output voltage and current for an amplifier.
Active Component: A component that changes the amplitude of a signal between input and output.
Active Filter: A filter that uses an amplifier in addition to reactive components to pass or reject selected frequencies.
Acceptor Atoms: Trivalent atoms that accept free electrons from pentavalent atoms
Active Region: The region of BJT operation between saturation and cut-off Used for linear amplification.
Alpha: Ratio of collector current to emitter current in a Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT). Greek letter alpha (α) is the symbol used.
Amplifier: A circuit that increases the voltage, current or power of a signal.
Analog: Information signal continuously varying voltage or current rather than in discrete levels as opposed to digital data varying between two discrete levels.
Antenna Transmitting: A device that converts an electrical signal into an electromagnetic(EM) wave and radiates from the antenna.
Antenna Receiving: A device that receive a radiated electromagnetic (EM) wave and convert into electrical signal
Apparent Power: Power attained in an AC circuit as a product of effective voltage and current which reach their peak at different times.
Astable Multivibrator: An oscilator that produces a square wave output from a DC voltage input.
Balanced Bridge: A condition that occurs when a bridge cirtuit is adjusted to produce a zero output.
Band Pass Filter: A tuned circuit designed to pass a band of frequencies between a lower cut-off frequency (f1) and a higher cut-oft froquency (f2). Out of the frequencies above and below the pass band are heavily attenuated.
Band Stop Filter: A tuned circuit designed to stop frequencies between a lower cut-off frequency (f1) and a higher cut-off frequency (f2) of the amplifer while passing all other frequencies.
Barrier Potential: The natural difference of potential that exists across a forward biased p-n junction.
Baud Rate: A unit of signalling speed equal to the number of signal events per second. Not necessarily the same as bits per second.
Beta: The ratio of collector current to base current in a Bipolar Juncton Transistor (BJT). Beta is represented as Greek later (β).
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT): A three terminal device in which emiter current to collector current is controlled by base current.
Bistable Multivibrator: A multivibrator with two stable states. An extern signal is required to change the output from one state to the other. Also calla latch.
Bode Plot: A graph of gain versus frequency.
Breakdown Voltage: The threshold voltage at which failure occurs and no longer electrically dielectric or insulator.
Break Over Voltage: Minimum voltage required to cause diac to break down and conducting.
Bridge Rectifier: A circuit using four diodes to provide full wave rectification. Converts an AC voltage to a pulsating DC voltage.
Buffer: An amplifier used to isolate a load from source.
Butterworth Filter: A type of active filter characterized by a constant gain (flat response) accross the mid band of the circuit and a 20 dB per decade roll-off rate for each pole contained in the circuit.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT): Vacuum tube used to display data in a visual from. This is Picture tube of a television or computer.
Centre Tapped Rectifier: A cireuit that makes of a centre tapped transformer and use two diodos to provide full wava rectification.
Centre Tapped Transformer: A transformer with a connected at electrical centre of a secondary winding.
Clamper: A diode circult used to change the DC level of a wave without distorting the waveform.
Clipper: A diode circuit used to eliminate the specific part of the input wavesform.
Class A amplifier: A linear amplifier biased as of the active device conducts through 360 degrees of the input waveform cycle.
Class B amplifier: An amplifier with two active devices.The active components are biased so that each conducts for approximately 180 degreies af the input waveform cycle.
Class C amplifier: An amplifier in which the active device conducts for less than 180 degrees of the input wavetorm cycle.
Collector: In a bipolar junction transistor in which a flow of charge carriers leaves the base region.
Common Base Amplifier: A BJT circuit in which the base terminal is common to both input and output connection.
Common Collector Amplifier: A BJT circuit in which the collector terminal is common to both input and output connection.
Common Emitter Amplifier: A BJT cirauit in which the emitter connectionns common to both input and output.
Common Drain Amplifier: A FET circuit in which the drain is common to both input and output connection.
Common Gate Amplifier: A FET circuit in which the gate connection is conmion to both input and output.
Common Source Amplifier: A FET circuit in which the source is comman to both input and output.
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR): The ratio of op-amp differential gain to common-mode gain. A measure of an op-amp's ability to reject common mode signals such as noise.
Covalent Bond: The way some atoms complete their valence cells by sharing valence electrons with neighbouring atoms.
Cut-off Frequency: Frequency at which the power gain of an amplitier falls below 50% of maximum.
Damping: Reduction in magnitude at oscillation due to energy being dissipated as heat.
Darlington Pair: An amplitier oneisting ol two tiptar unetion tarstors it their collectors connected together arod the emitter ol one corinecteshe base of the other.
Depletion Mode: In a FET, an operating mode whee reverse gate source voltago is used to deplete the channel of free carrers. This reduces the size of the channel and Increases its resistance.
Dapletion Mode MOSFET: A MOSFET designed to operate in either depletion mode or enhancement mode.
Diac: A two terminal bidirectional thyristor, has a symmetrical switching mode.
Differential Amplifier: An amplifier in which the output is in proportional to the differences between voltage applied to its two inputs.
Differentiator: A circuit in which the output voltage is in proportional to the rate of change of the input voltage. Ex. a high pass RC circuit.
Diffusion: Tendency of conduction band electrons to wander across a p-n junction to combine with valence band holes.
Drift: A problem that can develop in tuned amplifiers when the frequency of the tuned circuit changes due to temperature or component aging.
Diode: A two terminal unidirectional device that conducts in only one direction.
Donor Atoms: Pentavalent atoms that give up electrons to the conduction band in an n-type semiconductor material.
Doping: The process of adding impurity atoms to intrinsic (pure) Silicon or Germanium to improve the conductivity of the semiconductor material.
Dot Convention: Standard used with Transformers symbols to indicate whether the Secondary voltage is in phase or out of phase with the Primary voltage.
Eddy Currents: Currents induced inito a conducting core due to the changing magnetic field. Eddy currents produce heat which is a loss of power and lowers the efficiency of an inductor.
Efficiency: The amount of power delivered percentage of the power required from the power supply.
Electromechanical Transducer: Device that transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy (electric motor) or mechanical energy into electrical energy (generator).
Electromotive force (EMF): Force that causes the motion of electronis due to potential difference between two points. (voltage).
Emitter: The semiconductor region from which charge camiers are injected inta the base of a bipolar junotion transistor.
Emitter Feedback: Coupling from the emitter output to the base input of a bipolar junctiort transistor.
Emitter Follower: A common collector amplifier, has a high current gain, high input impudance and low output impedance.
Feedback Amplifier: An armplifier with an external signal path from output back to its input.
Field Effect Transistor (FET): A voltage controlled transistor in which the Source to drain conduction is controlled by gate to source voltage.
Filter Network: consisting of capacitors, resistors or inductors used to pass certain frequencies and block others.
Flip Flop: A bistable multivibrator, A circuit which has two output states and is switched fram one to the other by means of an external signal (trigger).
Forward Bias: A p-n junction bias which allows current to flow through the unction. Forward bias decreases the resistance of the depletion layer.
Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM): Transmission of two or more signals over a common path by using a different frequency band for each signal.
Frequency Domain Analysis: A method of representing a waveform by plotting its amplitude against frequency.
Full Scale Deflection (FSD): Deflection of a meter's pointer to the farthest position on the scale.
Full Wave Rectifier: that makes use of the full AC wave in both the positive and negative half cycles.
h-Parameters (Hybrid parameters): Transistor specifications that describe the component operating limits under specific circumstances.
Half Wave Rectifier: A diode rectifier that converts AC to pulsating DC by elirninating either the negative or the positive alternation of each input AC cycle.
Harmonic: Sine wave that is smaller in amplitude and same multiple of a fundamental frequency.
Hartley oscillator: An oscillator that uses a tapped inductor in the feedback network.
High-Pass Filter: A tuned circuit designed to pass all frequencies above a designated cut-off frequency. Frequencies below the cut-off frequency are rejected or attenualed.
Hybrid circuit: Circuit that combines two technologies (passive and active or discrete and integrated components) onto one microelectronic circuit.
Integrator: A device that approximates and whose output is proportional to an antegial of the input signal. A low pass filter.
Intermediate Frequency Amplifier: In a super heterodyne radio it Apifies a fixed frequency lower than the received radio frequency and higher than the audio frequency.
Inverting Amplifier: An amplifier that has a 180" phase shift tram input to output. Inverting Input: In an operational amplifier (op-amp) the input that is marked with a minus sign. A signal applied at the inverting input will be given 180 phase shift between input and output.
Knee Voltage: The voltage at which a curve joins two relatively straight portions of a characteristic curve. For a p-n junction diode, the point in the forward operating region of the characteristic curve where conduction starts to increase rapidly. For a zener diode, the term is often used in reference to the zener voltage rating.
LASER (Light Amplification by stimulated Emission of Radiation): A device that produces a very narrow intense beam of light.
Light Emitting Diode: A semiconductor diode that converts electric energy into electromagnetic radiation at a visible and near infrared frequencies when its p-n junction is forward biased.
Low pass filter: A tuned circuit designed to pass all frequencies below a designated cut-off frequency.
Maximum Power Transfer: A theorem that states that maximum power will be transferred from source to load when input impedance of the load equals the output impedance of the source.
MOSFET (Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor): A field effect transistor, also known as an Insulated gate field effect transistor in which the insulating Layer between the gate electrode and the channel is a metal oxide layer.
Miller's Theorem: A theorem that allows you to represent a feedback capacitor as equivalent input and output shunt capacitors.
Modulation: Process by which an information signal (for example Audio signal) is used to modify some characteristic of a higher frequency wave known as a carrier (for example Radio Frequency).
Monostable Multivibrator: A multivibrator with one stable output state When triggered, the circuit output will switch to the unstable state for a predetermined period of time and then return to the stable state.
Multivibrator: A class of circuits designed to produce square waves or pulses.
N-type Semiconductor: A semiconductor compound formed by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with a pentavalent element, An n-type material contains an excess of conduction band electrons.
Noise: Unwanted electromagnetic radiation within an electrical or mechanical system.
Non Inverting Input: The terminal of an operational amplifier that is identified by a plus sign.
Norton's Theorem: Any network of voltage sources and resistors can be replace by a single current sourrn in parallel with a single resistor.
N-P-N Transistor: A bipolar junction transistor in which a p-type base element in sandwiched between an n-type emitter and an n-type collector.
Ohm's Law: Relationship between voltage current and resistance Ohm's law states that current in a resistance varies in direct proportion to voltage applied inversely proportional to resistance.
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL): The sum of the currents flowing into a point in a circuit is equal to the sum of the currents flowing out of that same point.
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): The algebraio sum of the voltage drops in a closed path circuit is equal to the algebraic sum of the source voltages applied.
Operational Amplifier: A high gain DC amplifier that has a high input impedance and a low output impedance. Op-amps are the most basic type of linear integrated circuits.
Pass band: The range of frequencies that will be passed and amplified by a tuned amplifier Also the range of frequencies band pass filter.
Passive component: Component that does not amplify a signal, Resistors and capacitors are examples.
Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV): The maximum rated value of AC voltage acting in the direction opposite to that in which a device is designed to pass current.
Phase Shift Oscillator: An oscillator that uses three RC networks in its feedback path to produce the 180 phase shift required for oscillation.
Photodiode: A semiconductor diode that changes its electrical characteristics in response to illumination.
Photovoltaic cell: Component commonly called a solar cell used to convert light energy into electrical energy.
Pinch-off Region: A region on the characteristic curve of a FET in which the gate bias causes the depletion region to extend completely across the channel.
Positive feedback: A feedback signal that is in phase with an amplifier input signal. Positive feedback is necessary for oscillation to occur.
Power amplifier: An ampliflier designed to deliver maximum power output to a load.
Propagation Time: Time required for a wave to travel between two points.
Power Factor: Ratio of actual power to apparent power.
Primary Cell: Cell that produces electrical energy through an internal electrochemical action. Once discharged a primary Cell can't be reused.
Propagation Delay: Time required for a signal to pass through a device or circuit.
Power Loss: Ratio of power absorbed to power delivered. Pulse
Repetition Frequency: The number of times per second that a pulse is transmitted.
Pulse Repetition Time: The time interval between the start of two consecutive pulses.
R-2R Ladder: Network or circuit composed of a sequence of L networks socected in tandem. Circuit used in digital to analog convertors.
Pulse Rise Time: Time required for a pulse to increase from 10% of its peak value to 90% of its peak value.
Pulse Width: Time interval between the leading edge and trailing edge of a Quise al a point where the amplitude is 50% of the peak value.
RADAR: Acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging a system that measures the distance and direction of abjects generally in space.
Radio Frequency Amplifier: Amplifier having one or more active devices to amplify radio signals.
Reactive Power: Also called imaginary power or wattless power, It is the power value in volt-amp obtained from the product of source voltage and source currenit in a reactive circuit.
Rectifier: Diode circuit that converts alternating current into pulsating direct current.
Regulator: A device or circuit that maintains a desired output under changing conditions.
Resonance: Circuit condition that occurs at the frequency where inductive reactance equals capacitive reactance (Xc). Reverse
Breakdown Voltage: Amount of reverse bias that will cause ap-n junction to breakdown and conduct in the reverse direction.
Reverse Saturation Current: Reverse current througha diode caused by thermal activity. This current is not affected by the amount of reverse bias on the component, but does vary with temperature.
Schmitt Trigger: Circuit to convert a given waveform to a square wave output.
Schottky Diode: High speed diode that has very little junction capacitance Also known as a hot-carrier diode or surface-barrier diode.
Secondary Cell: Electrolytic cell used to store electricity. Once discharged omay be restored by recharging by putting current through the cell in the direction opposite to that of discharge current.
Semiconductor: An plement which is neither a good conductor or a good insulator, but rather lies somewhere between the two.
Series Resonance: Condition that occurs in a series LC circuit al the frequency where inductive reactance equals capacitive reactance,
Single Sideband (SSB): AM radio communication technique in which the transmitter suppresses one sideband and therefore transmits only a single sideband.
Solar Cell: Photovoltaic cell that converts light into electric energy. Especially useful as a power source for space vehicles.
Step-downTransformer: Transformer in which the output voltage is less than the input AC voltage.
Step-up Transformer: Transformer in which the output AC voltage is greater than the input AC voitage.
Stop Band: Range of freguencies outside the pass band of a tuned armplifier.
Summing Amplifier: An op-amp circuit whose output is proportional to the sum of its instantaneous vollages.
Superconductor: Metal such as lead or niobium that, when cooled to within a few degrees of absolute zero, can conduct current with no resistance.
Super Heterodyne Receiver: Radio receiver that converts all radio frequencies to a tixed intermediate frequency to maximise gain and bandwidth before demodulation.
Superposition Theorem: designed to simplify networks containing two or more sources. It states that in a network containing more than one source, the current at any one point is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents produced by each source acting separately.
Thevenin's Theorem: Theorem that replaces any complex network with a single voltage source in series with a single resistance. Threshold Minimum point at which an effect is produced or detected.
Threshold Voltage: For an enhancement MOSFET, the minimum gate source voltage required for conduction of source drain current.
Thyristor: A term used to classify all four layer semiconductor devices. SCRs and Triacs are examples of thyristors.
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM): Transmission of two or more signals on the same path but at different times.
Transformer: Inductor with two or mote windings Through mutual inductance current in ane winding called a primary will induce current into the other windings called secondaries.
Transistor: Term derived from transfer resistor. Semiconductor device that can be used as an amplifier or as an electronic switch.
Triac: This is Bidirectional gate controlled thyristor similar to an SCR, but capable of conducting in both directions Provides full wave control of AC power.
Triangular Wave: A repeating wave that has equal positive going and negative going ramps. The ramps have linear rates of change with time.
Trivalent Element: One having three valence electrons. Used as an imnpurity in semiconductor material to produce P-type material, Most commonly used trivalent elements are: Aluminum, Gallium and Boron.
Tunnel Diode: Heavily doped junction diode that has negative resistance in the forward direction of its operating range.
Unijunction Transistor: Three terninal device that acts as a diode with its own inlernal voltage divider biasing circuit.
Valence Cell: The outermost electron cell for a given atom. The number of electrons in this cell determines the conductivity of the atom.
Varactor Diode: A P-N junction diode with a high junction capacitance when reverse blased. Most often used as a voltage controlled capacitor. The varactor is also called varicap, tuning diode and epicap.
Voltage Controlled Oscillator: Oscillator whose output frequency depends on an input control voltage.
Wien-bridge Oscillator: Oscillator that uses an RC low-pass filter and an RC high-pass filter to set the frequency of oscillations.
Wheatstone bridge: Four arm bridge circuit used to measure resistance, inductance or capacitance.
Wide Band Amplifier: Also called broadband amplifier. Amplifier with a flat response over a wide range of frequencies.
Zener Diode: Semiconductor diode in which reverse breakdown voltage, current causes the diode to develop a constant voltage. Used as a clamp for voltage regulation.
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